הודעה על החלטת האקדמיה ללשון העברית בענין מונחי דקדוק לבתי ספר בהתאם לסעיף 10 לחוק המוסד העליון ללשון העברית, התשי"ג-1953, אני מפרסם בזה את החלטת מליאת האקדמיה ללשון העברית מיום ב' במרחשון התשמ"ב (11 בנובמבר 1982), בעניין מונחי דקדוק לבתי הספר, כדלהלן: מונחי דקדוק לבתי הספר: הפרקים:: 1. מונחים כלליים 2. תורת ההגה, הכתב והכתיב 3. תורת הצורות 4. תחביר 1. מונחים כלליים: נתוח                                                                                          analysis נתניה                                                                                      constraint משגים כלל-לשוניים,                                               language universals מהיות כלל-לשוניות מבע                                                                                          utterance אוצר מלים                                                                           vocabulary מבנה                                                                                        structure מערכת                                                                                     paradigm ממוש                                                                                     realization סדיר                                                                                            regular חריג                                                                                        irregular הקש                                                                                           analogy תשלים                                                                                   suppletion חסור                                                                                           ellipsis עודף                                                                                       redundant עודפות1                                                                                redundancy יתור                                                                                        pleonasm כפל גזירה                                                                           paranomasia מסמן                                                                                          marker מסמן                                                                                         marked לא-מסמן                                                                               unmarked סינכרוני                                                                                synchronic דיאכרוני                                                                                diachronic (דקדוק) פוסק                                                       normative (grammar) מתאר                                                                                   descriptive מעמת                                                                                   contrastive משוה                                                                                  comparative מלה המונית, בטוי המוני                                                        vulgarism להג                                                                                               dialect סלנג, עגה2                                                                                      slang  מלה נושנה, צורה נושנה                                                           archaism מישן                                                                                         obsolete טהרנות                                                                                       purism גזרון                                                                                      etymology תקון-יתר                                                    hyperform. hypercorrection שאילה                                                                                   borrowing מלה זרה                                                  (recent) loanword. Fremdwort מלה שאולה                                                            loanword. Lehnwort דקדוק של גלגול                                             transformational grammar גלגל                                                                                    to transform גלגול                                                                               transformation כשירות                                                                                competence דקדוק יוצר, דקדוק גנרטיבי                                    generative grammar צרוף                                                                                            phrase נדבך                                                                                      component נדבך תחבירי                                                          syntactic component נדבך סמנטי                                                           semantic component נדבך פונולוגי                                                    phonological component כללי המרה                                                               permutational rules כללי גלגול                                                            transformational rules כללי רשות                                                                        optional rules כללי חובה                                                                      obligatory rules כללי צרוף                                                            phrase-structure rules כללי מחיקה                                                                      deletion rules הפיך                                                                                       reversible לא-הפיך                                                                          non-reversible מבנה העמק                                                                     deep structure מבנה השטח                                                                 surface structure בצוע                                                                                   performance 2. תורת ההגה, הכתב והכתיב: פונטיקה                                                                                  phonetics פונולוגיה                                                                               phonology הגין, פונמה                                                                              phoneme תורת ההגה                                          phonology. historical phonology מעתק פונטי                                                                         sound shift תורת ההגיה                                                                             elocution מבטא, הגיה                                                                     pronunciation הטעמה, טעם                                                                    stress. accent צורת הקשר                                                                       context form צורת הפסק                                                                         pausal form תנועה                                                                                           vowel מערכת התנועות                                                               vowel system איכות (של הגה)                                                        quality תנועה קדמית                                                                      front vowel תנועה אחורית                                                                      back vowel תנועה מרכזית                                                                   central vowel תנועה גבוהה                                                     high vowel. close vowel תנועה נמוכה                                                      low vowel. open vowel תנועה מעגלת                                                                  rounded vowel כמות (של הגה)                                                        quantity תנועה ארכה                                                                          long vowel תנועה קצרה                                                                        short vowel תנועה חטופה                                                              ultra-short vowel דו-תנועה                                                                                diphthong עצור                                                                                       consonant (מקום) חתוך (ההגה)                                             (place of) articulation שפתי                                                                                             labial דו-שפתי                                                                                      bilabial שני                                                                                                dental בין-שני                                                                                   interdental מכתשי                                                                                       alveolar לשוני                                                                                           lingual חכי                                                                                               palatal וילוני                                                                                              velar ענבלי                                                                                            uvular גרוני                                                                             laryngal. guttural לעי                                                                                          pharyngal סדקי                                                                                            glottal אפן החתוך                                                          manner of articulation קולי                                                                                             voiced אטום, לא-קולי                                                      unvoiced סותם                                                                                 stop. plosive חוכך                                                                             fricative. spirant שורק                                                                                          sibilant צדי                                                                                               lateral אפי                                                                                                nasal נחצי                                                                                         emphatic מנשף                                                                                          aspirate מחכך                                                                                         affricate חצי תנועה                                                                            semi-vowel הדמות                                                                                 assimilation הבדלות                                                                              dissimilation הגה מעבר4                                                                                                                                glide צרור (עצורים)                                                          cluster תנועת עזר                                                                      auxiliary vowel תנועת חציצה                                                               anaptyctic vowel תנועת קדימה                                                               prosthetic vowel אל"ף קדימה                                                                 prosthetic aleph תורת הכתיב                                                                              spelling יתיב (לסימון מקום הטעם, כגון: מלך) 5                     stress marker סמן הבחן, נקדת הבחן                                        diacritic mark העתק                                                                                 to transcribe תעתיק אותיות                                                                 transliteration תעתיק (הגיים)                                                                   transcription תעתיק מדיק                                                          narrow transcription תעתיק מפשט                                                          braod transcription תורת הנקוד, נקוד                                                vocalization. pointing סמני נקוד                                                                          vowel points מערכת סמני הנקוד                                                  pointing חיריק מלא                                                                   i * חיריק חסר                                                                   i * צירי                                                                                                 e ** סגול                                                                                         e (ae, ä)* פתח                                                                                                   a * קמץ (גדול)                                                                   á * קמץ קטן                                                                     o* חולם חסר                                                                    ó* חולם מלא                                                                   ô* קבוץ                                                                                                   u* שורוק                                                                                                 ú* חטף                                                                                             hataph חטף-סגול                                                                      ae (or raised a)* חטף-פתח                                                                       a (or raised a) * חטף-קמץ                                                                      o (or raised o) * שוא נע                                           e ()(or raised e). shewa mobileææ* שוא נח                                                       zero vowel shewa quiescens שוא מרחף                                                                      shewa medium דגש קל                                                                                 dagesh lene דגש חזק                                                                              dagesh forte מפיק                                                                                          mappiq 3. תורת הצורות: שרש                                                                                                 root שרש דו-עצורי                                                                           biradical שרש משלש, שרש שלשי                                                           triradical שרש מרבע, שרש רבעי                                                       quadriradical שרש מחמש, שרש חמשי                                                 quinqueradical צורני                                                                                            formal צורה                                                                                               form צורן                                                                                       morpheme תצורה                                                                                    formation תצורה לאחור                                                                 back formation תבנית                                                                                          pattern צורת היסוד                                                                           basic form מוספית                                                                                          affix תחלית                                                                                          prefix תוכית                                                                                             infix סופית                                                                                           suffix חלקי הדבור (היחיד: חלק הדבור)6                                  parts of speech שם (סוג-על לשם עצם, שם תואר,                                               nomen שם המספר וכד') שם עצם                                                                                         noun שם תאר                                                                                   adjective פעל                                                                                                 verb תאר הפעל                                                                                   adverb מלת יחס                                                                              preposition כנוי פרוד                                                               independent pronoun כנוי דבוק                                                                    suffixed pronoun כנוי קנין                                                                 possessive pronoun כנוי משא                                                                        object pronoun כנוי רמז                                                             demonstrative pronoun כנוי מצביע                                                                     deictic pronoun כנוי חוזר                                                                    reflexive pronoun כנוי הדדי                                                                  reciprocal pronoun כנוי סתמי                                                                 indefinite pronoun כנוי שאלה                                                            interrogative pronoun כנוי זקה                                                                       relative pronoun פעל גזור שם                                                              denominative verb בנין                                                                                      verbal stem בנין קל                                                              simple stem. basic stem בנינים כבדים                                                                    derived stems (נפעל, הפעיל, הפעל, פעל, פעל,התפעל) נטית הפעל                                                          conjugation (including                                                                                       (object suffixes פעל שלם                                                                              sound verb פעל עלול                                                        defective verb. weak verb פעל גרימה                                                                       causative verb פעל משך                                                                           durative verb פעל התחלה, פעל                                                           .inchoative verb שנוי מצב                                                                            .ingressive v זמן7                                                                                                tense מעקבת זמנים                                                          sequence of tenses גרר זמנים                                             sequence of tenses by attraction עבר                                                                                                  past עבר לעבר                                                                                pluperfect הווה                                                                                            present עתיד                                                                                             future וי"ו ההפוך מעתיד לעבר                                      Waw marking the past וי"ו ההפוך מעבר לעתיד                                   Waw marking the future פעל נטוי לפי גופים                                                                 finite verb הצורות השמניות של הפעל                             infinitive (forms), verbal                                                                                                      nouns מקור מחלט                                                               infinitive absolute בינוני                                                                                       participle בינוני פועל                                                            active participle  (qal) בינוני פעול                                                          passive participle (qal) צווי                                                                                        imperative דרך האווי                                                                      optative (mode) עתיד מקצר                                                              modus apocopatus דרך הפקוד                                                                                  jussive עתיד מארך                                                                           cohortative פעיל                                                                                              active סביל                                                                                           passive פעל יוצא                                                                         transitive verb פעל עומד                                                                      intransitive verb משקל (של שם)                                         (nominal) pattern (n.) theme שם ראשוני                                                                      primitive noun שם נגזר                                                                         derivative noun שם עצם מפשט                                                                 abstract noun שם מרכב                                                                      compound noun שם עצם כללי                                                                  common noun שם גזור פעל                                                                    deverbal noun שם עצם מוחש                                                                 concrete noun מין                                                                                               gender זכר                                                                                         masculine נקבה                                                                                        feminine סתמי                                                                                           neuter נטית השם                                                                       noun inflexion מספר (בשם ובפועל)                                                                   number (מספר) יחיד                                                                               singular (צורת) יחיד                                                               masculine singular (צורת) יחידה                                                               feminine singular זוגי                                                                                                  dual רבוי                                                                                               plural (צורת) רבים                                                                 masculine plural (צורת) רבות                                                                   feminine plural שם קבוצי                                                                       collective noun שם יחידה                                                                         sound unitatis רבוי שלם                                                                            sound plural רבוי שבור                                                                          broken plural מצב                                                                                              status נפרד                                                                              status absolutus נסמך                                                                          status constructus מצב נצמד                                                               status pronominalis מידע                                                                                           definite לא-מידע                                                                                  indefinite תוית                                                                                             article ידוע                                                                                     definiteness תוית הידוע                                                                      definite article אי-ידוע                                                                              indefinteness תוית האי-ידועi                                                            ndefinite article8 מספר יסודי, מספר מונה                                              cardinal number מספר סודר                                                                    ordinal number 4. תחביר: תחביר                                                                                          syntax תורת המשפט                                                Satzlehre. sentence syntax נתוח תחבירי                                                 syntactic analysis, parsing משפט10                                                                           sntence. clause מרכיב                                                                                   constituent מרכיב ישיר                                                          immediate constituent (רשום) אילן                                                                      (tree (diagram איבר                                                                                          member צרוף                                                                                            phrase צרוף שמני                                                                          noun phrase צרוף פעלי                                                                            verb phrase צרוף (מלת) יחס                                                     prepositional phrase מקשר                                                                                       syndetic לא-מקשר                                                                                asyndetic כנוי מפנה לקודם                                                      anaphoric pronoun כנוי מקדם10                                                          anticipatory pronoun.                                                                                         forward deixis כנוי מפנה להלן                                                        cataphoric pronoun סדר המלים                                                                          word order הפוך סדר                                                                                inversion הסגר                                                                                    parenthesis התאם                                                                                    agreement התאים                                                                                       to agree בניה לפי הצורה (כגון:                                               agreement by form רוב האנשים הלך) בניה לפי המשמעות                                             constructio ad sensum (כגון: רוב האנשים הלכו) גררה                                                                                        attraction חיוב                                                                                      affirmation משפט חיוב                                                             affirmation sentence משפט שלילה                                                              negative sentence שלילה                                                                                       negation (מלת) שלילה                                                           a negative. negation משפט הגדה                                                            declarative sentence משפט שאלה                                                        interrogative sentence שאלת כן-לא11                                                               yes-no question שאלת חלק12                                                                      WH-question שאלת בררה13                                                             sjunctive question שאלת נצוח, שאלה רטורית                                      rhetorical question משפט פקדה                                                           .imperative sentence                                                                                                command משפט משאלה                                                           .optative sentence                                                                                         .desiderative s משפט קריאה                                                       exclamatory sentence חלקי המשפט [היחיד: חלק המשפט]                                 parts of sentence עמודי המשפט [נושא ונשוא]                             principal parts of sentence טפלי המשפט                                              secondary parts of sentence משפט ערטילאי14                                                                 nackter Satz נושא                                                                                           subject מלת תמך                                                                          prop (-word) נושא תמך                                                   Scheinsubjekt, prop subject נושא סתמי15                                                               indefinite subject נושא סתמי, נושא אימפרסונלי16                              impersonal subject עושה הפעלה17                                                                                agent ענין                                                                                                 topic מידע                                                                                        comment משפט יחוד                           compound nominal clause (extraposition) חלק היחוד          extraposed part, isolated subject, nominative absolute נשוא                                                                                        predicate לואי                                                                                          attribute גרעין                                                                                          nucleus תמורה                                                                                   apposition סומך                                                                           genitival attribute משלים                                                                                complement הצרכה                                                                                         rection הצריך                                                                                      to govern משא                                                                                             object משא ישיר                                                                           direct object משא עקיף                                                                       indirect object משא פנימי                                                  cognate object. inner object תאור (הפעל)                                                                           adverb 18 פניה                                                                            address. vocative יחסה                                                                                               case יחסת הנושא                                                                         nominative יחסת הקנין                                                                               genitive יחסת המשא העקיף                                                                     dative יחסת המשא הישיר                                                               accusative יחסת הפניה                                                                              vocative משפט חד איברי                                                        one-term sentence משפט פעלי                                                    verbal clause. v. sentence משפט לא-פעלי                                           non-verbal clause. verbless                                                                        clause. verbless sentence משפט שמני                                                                    nominal clause מלת קשור                                                                           conjunction אחוי                                                                                   coordination משפט פשוט                                                                  simple sentence משפט אחוי                                            paratactic sentence. coordinate                                                                                                  sentence מלת קשור מאחה,                                             coordinating conjuction מלת אחוי חלק כולל (במשפט)19                                                          multiple part משפטים מאחים                                                     coordinated clauses משפט בררה                                                              disjunctive clauses משפט נגוד                                                                 adversative clause משפט ממעט                                                                exceptive clause משפט ראשי                                                                        main clause משפט משעבד                                                           subordinate clause משפט משעבד20                                                        ubergeorsneter Satz מלת קשור משעבדת,                                                        subordinating מלת שעבוד                                                                          conjunction משפט מרכב                                                               complex sentence מחזרת                                                                                         period משפט תמור-מקור 21                                                        content clause דבור ישיר                                                                          direct speech דבור עקיף                                                                       indirect speech משפט מצמצם                                                              infinitive clause פעל עזר                                                                            auxiliary verb משפט נושא                                                                      subject clause משפט נשוא                                                                   predicate clause משפט משא                                                                       object clause משפט לואי                                                                  attributive clause משפט זקה                                                                       relative clause זוקק                                                     antecedent (to a relative clause) כנוי מוסב (במשפט זיקה                                     retrospective pronoun ובמשפט ייחוד) זוקק תמך22                                                             correlative pronoun משפט זקה מצמצם                                         restrictive relative clause משפט זקה לא-מצמצם                           non-restrictive relative clause משפט זקה ממשיך23                                    continuative relative clause משפט זקה מעצם                                        independent relative clause משפט תאור                                                                  adverbial clause משפט (תאור) סבה                                                            causal clause משפט (תאור) תכלית                                                           final clause משפט (תאור) תוצאה                                               consecutive clause משפט (תאור) השואה                                               comparative clause משפט (תאור) זמן                                                          temporal clause משפט (תאור) מקום                                                            local clause משפט (תאור) אפן              Adverbialsatz der Art und Weise (adverbial                                                                                   clause of manner) משפט (תאור) מדה                                       Adverbial clause of degree משפט תנאי                                                               conditional clause משפט תנאי קים                                                 real conditional clause משפט תנאי בטל                                   hypotehtical conditional clause.                                                                         irreal conditional clause. משפט ותור                                                                concessive clause משפט מצב                                                            circumstantial clause ______________________________ 1 כגון "אבותיכם" - הריבוי מצוין גם בתי"ו וגם ביו"ד. ובתחביר: "אני ידעתי" כינוי הגוף מצוין גם ב"אני" וגם ב"תי". 2 לשון מיוחדת למעמד או למקצוע. 3 כגון צ (= ט+ס) במבטא רוב הישראלים. 4 כגון תוקיע במקום תוקע. 5 הכונה לצורה ולא לתפקיד ולמקום של היתיב בטעמי המקרא. 6 כגון: שם עצם, שם תואר, פועל, תואר הפועל; כנגד חלקי המשפט, כגון: נושא, נשוא, מושא, לואי ותיאור הפועל. 7 הזמן במקרא, שהוא לדעת חוקרים רבים הבט ונוהגים לכנותו בספרות המדעית perfect או nominal (לעבר) ו imperfect או aorist (לעתיד) וגם בשמות אחרים. * במקום תעתיקי שמות התנועות מובאים סימניהן המקובלים בתעתיקים לועזיים. 8 כגון: "ילד אחד אמר", בניגוד למשפט "הילד אמר". 9 המבקש להבחין בין sentence לבין clause רשאי להשתמש בשם פסוקית כתרגום ל - clause. 10 כגון: ביתו של אדם. 11 כגון: האם משה כאן? 12 כגון: היכן משה? מתי בא משה? 13 כגון: האם יבוא או לא? 14 שאין בו אלא נושא ונשוא, כגון: הילד חושב. 15 כגון: אמרו לי. 16 כגון: חם היום. 17 כגון: החיבור נכתב על-ידי ביאליק. 18 כחלק משפט: אבל "תואר הפועל" כחלק דיבור. 19 כגון במשפט: התלמידים והתלמידות אספו ומיינו צמחים וחרקים. 20 משפט משועבד, המשעבד משפט אחר, כגון: הודיעו למורה, שהתלמידים לא יגיעו, משום שיצאו לטיול. 21 כגון: אחרי שאכלתי (= אחרי אכלי). 22 כגון: זה שאמרת מפוקפק. 23 כגון: "נפגשתי עם ידידי, שהמשיך אחר כך בדרכו". (ואינו תקין בעברית). *כוכב שליד המונח מורה על איורו ברשימה, שמפיצה האקדמיה ללשון העברית. ______________________________ 1 י"פ תשמ"ד, 1940.הודעותדיני חינוךהאקדמיה ללשוןבית ספר